Like stretch marks left on skin that expanded too quickly or cracks embedded in freezing ice, cosmic strings are artifacts of ...

String theory proclaims, for instance, that the observed particle properties—that is, the different masses and other properties of both the fundamental particles and the force particles ...

The research was done by Caltech’s Clifford Cheung and Aaron Hillman along with Grant Remmen at New York University. They ...

Of the four known fundamental forces of nature, the weak nuclear force is the one with the least obvious purpose. Gravity holds stars together and keeps us on the ground. The electromagnetic force ...

These four fundamental forces exist between fermions (quarks and leptons). They arise from the exchange of bosons. Bosons are the 'force carrying' or 'force-mediating' particles. If a fermion ...

That at least is the case with the strong nuclear force, one of four fundamental forces of nature (the others being electromagnetism, gravity and the weak nuclear force). The strong force holds ...

These tiny subatomic particles defied the known laws of physics to suggest that there may be a fifth fundamental force at play. And this puts up a challenge to the Standard Model of Physics.