and he observed that these bacteria had the smooth capsules characteristic of the S strain. Based on these observations, Griffith hypothesized that a chemical component from the virulent S cells ...

This protects the bacteria from drying out and physical stress. In addition, the capsule makes the pathogens invisible to our body's own defenses, so to speak, and helps them to survive in the body.

While studying white blood cells, Miescher isolated ... scientists knew that some types of these bacteria (called "S type") had an outer layer called a capsule, but other types (called "R type ...

Here, gut cells release the alkaline bicarbonate ... through the wall of the gut and the activity of the gut bacteria changes. "The capsule registered all these changes in pH values, and we ...